Food safety is the most important factor in cooking and baking. Perishable foods, such as raw meats, eggs, poultry, seafood, and raw produce can cause food borne illness. Sometimes an adulterated product will make you sick even if you do everything right. You can reduce your risk of contacting a food borne illness by following safe food handling practices.
1.
Wash Your Hands. Always wash your hands before handling food, while you’re preparing food, after handling raw meats, eggs, poultry, seafood, and produce, and after you finish cooking. Always wash your hands after using the bathroom, touching a pet, or changing a diaper. Wash your hands using warm soapy water for at least 20 seconds. Be sure to clean under your fingernails too. For more details, please see CDC Hand Washing Tips.
2. Cook meats and eggs to a safe internal temperature. Refer to this safe food temperature chart for more information. Use a reliable food thermometer to test the final temperature of all meats, poultry, seafood, and eggs.
If you don’t have a food thermometer, you can check the color meat juices and refer to other doneness tests, although those tests are not as reliable as temperature. Ground meat and poultry juices should be clear when the meat is cooked. Beef steaks and roasts should be cooked to a minimum temperature of 140 degrees F; pork to 145 degrees F, chicken and turkey to 165 degrees F, and seafood to 145 degrees F. Cook casseroles until the center reaches 165 degrees F. Ground meats, including hamburgers, should be cooked to 165 degrees F. Egg yolks should be firm and not runny. Shellfish should be firm and opaque when properly cooked.
3. Avoid cross-contamination by separating raw uncooked foods from foods that will be eaten raw. Store uncooked perishable foods and foods to be eaten raw separately. Never store raw meats on a shelf above produce such as apples or lettuce, because the meat juices may drip onto the raw produce and contaminate it. Never put cooked meats onto a platter that held the uncooked product. And be careful about keeping your
4. Refrigerate perishable foods promptly. Perishable foods should never be out of refrigeration longer than 2 hours; 1 hour if the air temperature is above 80 degrees F. And remember this includes bringing food home from the grocery store! Put raw meats, poultry, seafood, and eggs into your shopping basket just before you head to the check out line. And after shopping, go straight home. Get those perishable foods into the refrigerator or freezer as soon as possible. If you live some distance from the grocery store or farmer’s market, put a cooler filled with ice or frozen gel packs in your car and use that to hold perishable foods.
5. Clean knives, cutting boards, countertops, and the kitchen sink after preparing raw meats, poultry, seafood, and eggs. Use warm soapy water and scrub for at least 20 seconds. Sanitize your work surfaces by using a solution of 1 tablespoon of regular chlorine bleach (unscented only please) mixed with a gallon of warm water. And clean your sponges and towels too! Think about using paper towels to dry your hands and clean the kitchen instead of dish towels or sponges. While less environmentally sound, paper towels are single-use and won’t harbor bacteria like a wet dish towel or sponge can. If you do choose to use dish towels or sponges, wash them regularly with bleach. You can put sponges in the top shelf of the dishwasher after each use; that will help sterilize them.
6. Make sure that your refrigerator and freezer are set at safe temperatures. The refrigerator temperature should be between 33 degrees and 39 degrees F. Your freezer should be set at 0 degrees F or lower. Use a thermometer to make sure the temperature inside these appliances is low enough. If the power goes out, you’ll need to take special precautions to ensure that your food stays safe and wholesome.
7. Check expiration dates before consuming food. Those dates usually state the last date a shelf-stable food retains quality. But perishable products such as meats, pasteurized eggs, poultry, and seafood should always be consumed before the expiration date. At the store, buy foods with expiration dates as far into the future as you can find.
8. Use your refrigerator to marinate and thaw meats. Marinate meats in the refrigerator, never on the countertop, since bacteria grow rapidly at temperatures between 40 degrees and 140 degrees F. This will take some planning on your part so the meat is ready to cook when you’re ready to eat, as larger cuts of meat may take days to thaw in the fridge.
9. Wash produce before eating. Rinse fresh fruits and veggies under cool running water, then scrub firm produce with a clean brush. You may want to use a commercial food wash, or make your own wash. Make sure that you wash all produce, even those with rinds or thick skins that you remove before eating, such as cantaloupes and onions. When you cut into those foods, the knife can easily transfer bacteria on the peel or rind to the flesh. While you are supposed to wash your hands and work surfaces with soap and water, don’t use soap on food products. Detergents and soap aren’t approved for use on foods. Always cut off and removed damaged, cut, soft, or bruised areas of produce before eating them. Bacteria can thrive in damaged areas of produce. When you buy produce, be sure to avoid any that is damaged, soft, cut, or bruised.
10. If a perishable food is left out of refrigeration longer than two hours, cooking may not make it safe. Some bacteria produce toxins that aren’t destroyed by cooking that will make you sick even if all the bacteria are killed. And the number of bacteria in a food product can grow to massive levels after a few hours at room temperature. If a perishable food is left out longer than two hours, whether it’s cooked or raw, always throw it out.